The third category of drug delivery is rather novel for PEEK but well established for softer polymers as, for example, poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and can be understood as a subcategory of bioactive composites, where the bioactive substance is released from the bulk material in a controlled manner. Table 1 summarizes reported conventional and bioactive PEEK composites, their processing conditions and main properties for biomedical application. The formation of conventional composites aims at the alteration of biomechanical properties adapted to the application site, while the generation of bioactive PEEK composites has evolved as an attractive strategy to improve the bioactivity in particular the osseointegrative property of PEEK-based implant components. With a focus on biomedical application, one can classify PEEK composites into three main categories: (i) conventional composites, (ii) bioactive composites and (iii) drug-release systems. At the end of the article, our own research on the development of a PEEK-associated biodegradable drug-delivery system with potential application in dentistry or orthopedics will be highlighted. We will furthermore add information on polymer-based drug delivery systems and the biofunctionalization of polymers in general and discuss their applicability for PEEK, as we estimate that these strategies will gain greater attention in the future. Although the latter is extremely challenging due to the very high physical and chemical stability of the high performance polymer, there are some stated modification reactions in the literature, which will be collocated with in the literature-reported PEEK composites in the present article. Up to now, two noteworthy methodologies have been discussed to enhance the bioactivity of PEEK, including bulk and surface modification. In this manner, enhancing the bioactivity of PEEK is a huge challenge that must be comprehended to completely understand the potential advantages. However, PEEK is biologically inert, , which has constrained its potential applications. Moreover, PEEK shows great biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo, causing neither toxic or mutagenic effects nor clinically significant inflammation, ,,. Subsequently, it has been proposed that PEEK could display less stress-shielding effects when compared to conventionally applied dental and orthopedic implant materials such as titanium, demonstrating a much higher Young’s modulus of 116 GPa. In its natural form, the Young’s modulus of PEEK is around 3.6 GPa, while the Young’s modulus of CFR-PEEK is around 18 GPas which is near that of cortical bone. Besides aesthetics, the fundamental main thrust is given by PEEK’s incredible biomechanical properties. In the course of recent years, PEEK and its composites have furthermore garnered much enthusiasm from dental technologists and dentists. The development of carbon fiber reinforced PEEK (CFR-PEEK) opened up new perspectives for the application of this novel composite material for more mechanically stressed implant components such as femoral prostheses in manufactured hip joints. By the late 1990s, PEEK turned into a promising polymeric alternative to metal implant components, particularly in orthopedic and for traumatic applications. In the 1980s, PEEK was popularized for modern applications, for example, airplanes and turbine edges. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a semi-crystalline polycyclic aromatic thermoplastic that was initially created by a group of English researchers in 1978. Up to now, two noteworthy methodologies are discussed to enhance the bioactivity of PEEK, including bulk and surface modification. ![]() However, PEEK is biologically inert, which has constrained its potential applications. Since late 1990s, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has presented a promising polymeric alternative to metal implant components, particularly in orthopedic and traumatic applications.
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